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1989-05-09
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TECHTALK
...the final frontier
Many of us are familiar with the OSCARs and AMSATs, but this
month I'd like to talk about a different type of spacecraft. NASA
returned to the interplanetary mission business with the launch of
Magellan from the shuttle Atlantis earlier this month. This is the
first of several important missions scheduled over the next several
years. Let's look at a few of them.
The main mission of Magellan is to map the surface of the planet
Venus. It is the first interplanetary craft launched since 1978.
Weighing in at 3 tons, the craft will take some 466 days to reach
Venus. This is the "scenic route," as it will pass one and a half
times around the sun on the way.
As with most satellites, an eliptical orbit has been chosen for
Magellan. The period of its orbit around Venus will be about 3.15
hours. The craft is 15 feet in diameter and 21 feet tall. It will be
powered on its journey by a second stage inertial solid rocket engine.
It is also unique in that many of Magellan's components came from
spare parts from previous craft such as Voyager, Galelio, and Viking.
Once Magellan arrives and begins to orbit Venus in August 1990,
it will start its mapping and other duties.
Forty minutes of each orbit will be spent on mapping. An area 15
miles wide and 10,000 miles long will be recorded during this forty
minutes. Part of the rest of the orbit will be spent relaying the data
to earth. When an orbit is finished, the cycle begins again. It will
take 243 days to complete the 1852 orbits needed to make a 90% map of
the entire planet.
The mapping will be done using synthetic aperature radar. This is
a radar technique that simulates the way a still camera works. Instead
of a mechanical shutter, synthetic aperature radar emits pulses of CW
in a manner that allows "snapshots" of the surface to be made. This
new and advanced technique is necessary because Venus is surrounded by
a layer of thick clouds. The attenuation of conventional radar or
other ranging systems signal's would be too great to permit mapping
with reasonable accuracy.
Although the mission will be considered a success if only 90% of
the surface is mapped, NASA hopes to be able to extend the number of
orbits by as much as nine times. This would allow for complete
mapping, and even some stereoscopic images.
All of this information is important for several reasons. First,
it expands our knowledge of our own solar system. Understanding the
history and evolution of other planets helps us to understand our
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unique place and role in the system. Second, the mission gives us a
viable interplanetary presence. The third reason is, however, the most
important.
A close look at the geological structure and atmospheric balance
of a planet with an atmosphere that is deadly to most of the life here
on Earth will help us to better understand the delicate balance of our
planet and its atmosphere.
NASA has sent several craft to Mars in the past. A mission is now
being planned for the late 1990s that consists of three craft.
One of the vessels would map the surface and serve as a repeater
for another of the vessels which would land and deploy a rover. The
rover would collect samples and take other data. It would then return
to its mother ship, which would dock with the third vessel in martian
orbit.
This third craft would then return the data and samples to space
station Freedom. From there, the shuttle would return them to Earth.
There are many details and technical hurdles including high speed
communication and control systems, but NASA and its contractors feel
confident that this mission will fly on schedule.
CU next month.
Doug Kirsop
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